HDV causes infection and clinical illness only in HBV-infected people. What are the signs and symptoms of acute HDV infection? Health care and public safety workers at risk for occupational exposure to blood or blood-contaminated body fluids.Household contacts of people with HDV infection.Sex partners of persons infected with HDV.Infants born to mothers infected with HDV.The following populations are at increased risk for becoming infected with HDV: HDV is not spread through food or water, sharing eating utensils, breastfeeding, hugging, kissing, hand holding, coughing, or sneezing. sharing items (e.g., razors and toothbrushes) with an infected person.needle sticks or exposures to sharp instruments and.contact with blood from or the open sores of an infected person.injection-drug use that involves sharing needles, syringes, or drug-preparation equipment.HDV is mainly transmitted through activities that involve percutaneous (i.e., puncture through the skin) and to a lesser extent through mucosal contact with infectious blood or body fluids (e.g., semen and saliva), including How is the hepatitis D virus transmitted? HDV genotypes 2 and 4 can be found in East Asia genotype 3 is found exclusively in the Amazon Basin in South America, and genotypes 5, 6, 7, and 8 are found in West and Central Africa. HDV genotype 1 circulates mainly in North America, Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. Hepatitis D is most common in Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, the Mediterranean region, the Middle East, West and Central Africa, East Asia, and the Amazon Basin in South America.Īre there different genotypes of HDV, and where do they circulate?Įight different HDV genotypes can be found across the globe, all of which share the same transmission routes and risk groups ( 3). Because hepatitis D is not a nationally notifiable condition, the actual number of hepatitis D cases in the United States is unknown ( 5). HDV infection is uncommon in the United States, where most cases occur among people who migrate or travel to the United States from countries with high HDV endemicity. How common is hepatitis D in the United States? These outcomes occur within 5–10 years in 70%–80% and within 1–2 years in 15% of people with chronic HBV/HDV infection ( 1, 2, 3, 4). Although acute HBV/HDV coinfections can resolve, HDV superinfection can lead to rapid progression of the already present HBV infection, resulting in liver cirrhosis and liver failure. HBV/HDV coinfection occurs when a person simultaneously becomes infected with both HBV and HDV, whereas HDV superinfection occurs when a person who is already chronically infected with HBV acquires HDV. What is the difference between HBV/HDV coinfection and HDV superinfection? The infection can be acquired either simultaneously with HBV as a coinfection or as a superinfection in people who are already chronically infected with HBV. HDV infection can be acute or lead to chronic, long-term illness. HDV is known as a “satellite virus,” because it can only infect people who are also infected by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Hepatitis D is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV).
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